Tuesday, March 5, 2024

THE STORY OF SISTER ANTONIETA

 

SISTER ANTONIETA ADA


Her last name was Ada, but she didn't have a drop of Chamorro blood in her.

But it didn't matter. 

The end of war in Saipan in 1944 would give this orphaned Japanese girl a new name and a new identity. 

This Japanese girl, 10 years old, would become Chamorro, a Catholic and a Mercedarian Sister.

Later in life, she would recover much of her Japanese roots.

Kimiko Nishikawa was born in Saipan on April 24, 1934, the daughter of a Japanese couple that had moved to Saipan under Japanese rule, like thousands of other Japanese had done. Kimiko was one of six children born to her parents. Her father Tsunetaro was a reserve officer in the Imperial Japanese Army, but before the war broke out he was in the tapioca business on Saipan.

In 1944, when Kimiko was only 10 years old, her parents and all her siblings except her oldest brother, Taiichi, died in the battle between the Japanese and American forces. 

An American Marine officer, Lieutenant James Albert Granier, came across Kimiko, bereft of her parents, in what the Americans called Death Valley, the scene of horrific fighting on Saipan's eastern side, in what is properly called Papago.

When Kimiko's mother was hit by American machine gun fire, Kimiko panicked and ran off, believing her mother to be dead  Eventually she got separated from her mother, wounded but not yet dead, but then met up with her brother and other Japanese. They surrendered to the Americans and were taken to Camp Susupe, where they were reunited with their wounded mother, but not for long. Her mother eventually died from her wounds at the camp.



MARINE LT. JAMES GRANIER


Granier was Catholic and became friendly with Saipan's priest, the Spanish Father José Tardío. Granier collected money from fellow American soldiers and put them in a sock to give to the priest to help rebuild Garapan's bombed-out church.

Father Tighe was another Catholic priest who knew Kimiko, the future Antonieta. He was a military chaplain who took to heart the dire situation of the Catholics of Saipan, including the Mercedarian Sisters. He was instrumental in bringing the Mercedarians to work in the United States.



ANTONIETA WITH FATHER TIGHE
not long after surviving the Battle of Saipan


But Granier also had one concern. What would become of Kimiko? Father Tardío told him she would be cared for by a Chamorro family. Father Tardío baptized Kimiko, and Granier was present, as proud as can be. Her Christian name was Antonieta, named after Granier's mother Antonietta. A few days later, James Granier was killed in the Battle of Tinian.


THE ADAS



ANTONIETA IN THE MIDDLE
with her adoptive family
on the right Juan Martínez Ada and wife Ana seated
an aunt on the left


Juan Martínez Ada was one of Saipan's most prominent men. Born on Guam, he was raised on Saipan as a child when his parents moved there. Brought up under the Spanish and German flags, conversant in both languages besides Chamorro, Japanese and English, he emerged after the war as a Chamorro leader the Americans could rely on. Ada became a post-war mayor of Saipan.

He had also been friends with Tsunetaro, Antonieta's (Kimiko's) father.  Ada had lost two children in their youth and took a liking to Kimiko, then just 2 or 3 years old. The Nishikawas allowed Kimiko to spend much time with the Adas. It got to the point that Kimiko wasn't sure who her parents were; the Japanese or the Chamorro ones. She even began to wonder who was this Japanese man, her father, who would periodically visit her and give her sweets.

But when Kimiko became of school age, she had to reconnect with her Japanese parents because Kimiko had to go to the school set up for Japanese children, and not go to the school for Chamorro children. So, Kimiko would live with her Japanese parents when school was in session, and during vacation time Kimiko would be with the Adas. "In school I was Japanese," she said. "After school I was Chamorro."

It wasn't all pleasant for her at Japanese school, as her fellow Japanese classmates considered her less than Japanese, calling her toming, a Japanese word literally meaning "island person." It was meant as a put-down, and the term was applied to all islanders, whether Chamorro, Carolinian, Chuukese, Palauan and the rest.

After the Americans took over Saipan, Ada came to Camp Susupe and found Kimiko's dying mother. She told Ada that Kimiko was still in the jungle and for Ada to take her, as she was his "daughter." When Kimiko's mother died in the camp, Ada came and took Kimiko to be raised as his own daughter. Kimiko's brother was forbidden by Japanese law to be adopted by Ada. Only Japanese girls could be so adopted by non-Japanese, but Japanese boys could not, according to Japanese law. Her brother was sent to Japan with all the other Japanese war refugees.

Kimiko, now named Antonieta, settled in with Juan and his wife Ana Crisóstomo Cepeda, and took their last name. She now spoke only Chamorro (and later began to learn English), and her grasp of Japanese weakened to the point of forgetting most of it.



AMERICAN GI WITH JAPANESE CHILD
Camp Susupe, Saipan




SHE BECOMES A MERCEDARIAN SISTER

In 1963, Antonieta entered the Mercedarian Missionaries of Berriz, a Spanish community of missionary sisters who came to Saipan in 1928.  She had been attracted to the life of the Sisters since her teens and wanted to join, but her mother Ana opposed it. "Wait until I die," Ana kept telling Antonieta. The Adas had no children living except for Antonieta, and in Chamorro culture it was the daughters, more than the sons, who took care of the elderly parents, especially the mother, in their daily needs. But time was ticking, and one can become too old to be accepted into the convent, so at age 29 Antonieta joined the Mercedarians.

Prior to joining the Sisters, Antonieta had experience in the working world, being a secretary for some official. She had pursued some studies and had traveled. She kept in touch with her Ada relatives on Guam, siblings of her father who had decided to return and do business on Guam. A close relative was a priest on Guam, Monsignor José Ada León Guerrero, son of her father Juan's sister.

After being accepted by the Sisters, she was sent to the Mercedarian house in Kansas City, Missouri and continued her education. She then returned to teach in Saipan "to give back" to her island community, as she said. She also worked in Palau and the Philippines.

She often had asked God before, "Of all the Nishikawa children (to survive), why me?" Perhaps she found her answer in her religious calling to serve the Church and the people.

Before she entered the convent, Antonieta took advantage of an American merchant ship going from Saipan to Japan. She, and a number of Saipanese, sailed in the ship to Japan, where Antonieta met her brother for the first time since the war. He could not speak English, and she had forgotten her Japanese.


RECLAIMING HER JAPANESE ROOTS

In 1977, Sister Antonieta began an eleven-year residence in Japan, where she re-learned Japanese and worked as a missionary sister. For the first two years in Japan, she studied Japanese. Then she did missionary work. She and her older brother would visit each other at least once a year.

But her Saipan roots were much deeper and she returned to her homeland in 1988, and began teaching Japanese at Mount Carmel School in Chalan Kanoa and at Marianas High School in Susupe.


HEALING FROM TRAUMA

Words fail to express the trauma Sister Antonieta experienced through life. The complications of living in two worlds as a child; a Japanese world and a Chamorro one. Her body subjected to the explosion of bombs and the whizzing of bullets, all the while hiding in caves and under trees in the jungle, with little to no food or water, with the smell and sight of death all around her; the loss of her parents and all her siblings save one, her own life at risk. 

It's no surprise that at first she hated the Americans, but not for long. The hatred went away but she had no desire to interact with them. In time, especially when she found a job in an island government office with American supervisors, she learned to be comfortable around Americans.

She credited her healing from all these emotional wounds to the total and unconditional love of Juan and Ana Ada. They gave her all they could, especially their faith in God. Sister said, "We do not know the things God has planned for us, but they all work out for our good."

Sister Antonieta passed away on Saipan in 2016. U såga gi minahgong. Rest in peace.






THANKS to Sister MaryAnn Hartmann of the Mercedarian Sisters in Saipan for many of the photos in this article.


VERSIÓN ESPAÑOLA

LA HISTORIA DE SOR ANTONIETA ADA, MMB

Su apellido era Ada, pero no tenía ni una gota de sangre chamorra.

Pero no importó.

El fin de la guerra en Saipán en 1944 le daría a esta niña japonesa huérfana un nuevo nombre y una nueva identidad.

Esta niña japonesa, de 10 años, se convertiría en chamorra, católica y Hermana Mercedaria.

Más adelante en la vida recuperaría gran parte de sus raíces japonesas.

Kimiko Nishikawa nació en Saipán el 24 de abril de 1934, hija de una pareja japonesa que se había mudado a Saipán bajo el dominio japonés, como lo habían hecho miles de otros japoneses. Kimiko fue una de los seis hijos de sus padres. Su padre Tsunetaro era un oficial de reserva en el ejército imperial japonés, pero antes de que estallara la guerra estaba en el negocio de la tapioca en Saipán.

En 1944, cuando Kimiko tenía sólo 10 años, sus padres y todos sus hermanos, excepto su hermano mayor, Taiichi, murieron en la batalla entre las fuerzas japonesas y estadounidenses.

Un oficial de los Marines estadounidenses, el teniente James Albert Granier, se encontró con Kimiko, privada de sus padres, en lo que los estadounidenses llamaban el Valle de la Muerte, escenario de horribles combates en el lado oriental de Saipán, en lo que propiamente se llama Pápago.

Cuando la madre de Kimiko fue alcanzada por fuego de ametralladora estadounidense, Kimiko entró en pánico y salió corriendo, creyendo que su madre estaba muerta. Finalmente se separó de su madre, herida pero aún no muerta, pero luego se encontró con su hermano y otros japoneses. Se rindieron a los estadounidenses y fueron llevados al Campamento Susupe, donde se reunieron con su madre herida, pero no por mucho tiempo. Su madre finalmente murió a causa de sus heridas en el campo.

Granier era católico y se hizo amigo del sacerdote de Saipán, el cura español José Tardío. Granier recaudó dinero de sus compañeros soldados estadounidenses y los puso en un calcetín para dárselo al sacerdote para ayudar a reconstruir la iglesia bombardeada de Gárapan.

El Padre Tighe fue otro sacerdote católico que conoció a Kimiko, la futura Antonieta. Era un capellán militar que tomó en serio la terrible situación de los católicos de Saipán, incluidas las Hermanas Mercedarias. Tuvo un papel decisivo para que las Mercedarias trabajaran en los Estados Unidos.

Pero Granier también tenía una preocupación. ¿Qué sería de Kimiko? El Padre Tardío le dijo que la cuidaría una familia chamorra. El Padre Tardío bautizó a Kimiko y Granier estuvo presente, muy orgulloso. Su nombre de pila era Antonieta, en honor a la madre de Granier, Antonietta. Unos días más tarde, James Granier murió en la batalla de Tinián.

Juan Martínez Ada fue uno de los hombres más destacados de Saipán. Nacido en Guam, se crió en Saipán cuando era niño cuando sus padres se mudaron allí. Criado bajo las banderas española y alemana, versado en ambos idiomas además del chamorro, el japonés y el inglés, emergió después de la guerra como un líder chamorro en el que los estadounidenses podían confiar. Ada se convirtió en alcalde de Saipán en la posguerra.

También había sido amigo de Tsunetaro, el padre de Antonieta (Kimiko). Ada había perdido a dos hijos en su juventud y le tomó cariño a Kimiko, que entonces tenía solo 2 o 3 años. Los Nishikawa le permitieron a Kimiko pasar mucho tiempo con los Ada. Llegó al punto en que Kimiko no estaba segura de quiénes eran sus padres; los japoneses o los chamorros. Incluso empezó a preguntarse quién era ese japonés, su padre, que periódicamente la visitaba y le regalaba dulces.

Pero cuando Kimiko llegó a la edad escolar, tuvo que volver a conectarse con sus padres japoneses porque Kimiko tenía que ir a la escuela creada para niños japoneses y no a la escuela para niños chamorros. Entonces, Kimiko viviría con sus padres japoneses cuando la escuela estuviera en sesión, y durante las vacaciones Kimiko estaría con los Ada. "En la escuela yo era japonesa", dijo. "Después de la escuela yo era chamorra".

No todo fue agradable para ella en la escuela japonesa, ya que sus compañeros japoneses la consideraban menos que japonesa y la llamaban “toming,” una palabra japonesa que literalmente significa "persona de la isla". Tenía la intención de despreciar y el término se aplicó a todos los isleños, ya fueran chamorros, carolinos, chuukeses, palauanos y el resto.

Después de que los estadounidenses se apoderaron de Saipán, Ada llegó al Campamento Susupe y encontró a la madre moribunda de Kimiko. Ella le dijo a Ada que Kimiko todavía estaba en la selva y que Ada la llevaría, ya que era su "hija". Cuando la madre de Kimiko murió en el campo, Ada vino y se llevó a Kimiko para que la criara como su propia hija. La ley japonesa prohibía que Ada adoptara al hermano de Kimiko. Sólo las niñas japonesas podían ser adoptadas por no japoneses, pero los niños japoneses no, según la ley japonesa. Su hermano fue enviado a Japón con todos los demás refugiados de guerra japoneses.

Kimiko, ahora llamada Antonieta, se instaló con Juan y su esposa Ana Crisóstomo Cepeda, y tomó su apellido. Ahora sólo hablaba chamorro (y más tarde comenzó a aprender inglés), y su comprensión del japonés se debilitó hasta el punto de olvidar la mayor parte.

En 1963, Antonieta ingresó a las Misioneras Mercedarias de Bérriz, una comunidad española de hermanas misioneras que llegó a Saipán en 1928. Se había sentido atraída por la vida de las Hermanas desde su adolescencia y quería unirse, pero su madre Ana se opuso. "Espera hasta que me muera", le decía Ana a Antonieta. Los Ada no tenían hijos vivos excepto Antonieta, y en la cultura chamorra eran las hijas, más que los hijos, quienes cuidaban de los padres ancianos, especialmente de la madre, en sus necesidades diarias. Pero el tiempo corría y uno puede llegar a ser demasiado viejo para ser aceptado en el convento, por lo que a los 29 años Antonieta se unió a las Mercedarias.

Antes de incorporarse a las Hermanas, Antonieta tuvo experiencia en el mundo laboral, siendo secretaria de algún funcionario. Había realizado algunos estudios y había viajado. Se mantuvo en contacto con sus parientes Ada en Guam, hermanos de su padre que habían decidido regresar y hacer negocios en Guam. Un pariente cercano era un sacerdote en Guam, Monseñor José Ada León Guerrero, hijo de la hermana de su padre Juan.

Después de ser aceptada por las Hermanas, fue enviada a la casa Mercedaria en Kansas City, Missouri y continuó su educación. Luego regresó a Saipán para enseñar "para retribuir" a su comunidad isleña, como ella dijo. También trabajó en Palau y Filipinas.

A menudo le había preguntado a Dios: "De todos los niños Nishikawa (que sobrevivieron), ¿por qué yo?". Quizás encontró su respuesta en su vocación religiosa de servir a la Iglesia y al pueblo.

Antes de ingresar al convento, Antonieta aprovechó un barco mercante estadounidense que iba de Saipán a Japón. Ella y varios saipaneses navegaron en el barco hacia Japón, donde Antonieta conoció a su hermano por primera vez desde la guerra. Él no hablaba inglés y ella se había olvidado del japonés.

En 1977, la Hermana Antonieta comenzó una residencia de once años en Japón, donde volvió a aprender japonés y trabajó como hermana misionera. Durante los dos primeros años en Japón, estudió japonés. Luego hizo obra misionera. Ella y su hermano mayor se visitaban al menos una vez al año.

Pero sus raíces en Saipán eran mucho más profundas y regresó a su tierra natal en 1988, y comenzó a enseñar japonés en la escuela Mount Carmel en Chalan Kanoa y en la escuela secundaria Marianas en Susupe.

Las palabras no logran expresar el trauma que la Hermana Antonieta experimentó a lo largo de la vida. Las complicaciones de vivir en dos mundos cuando era niño; un mundo japonés y uno chamorro. Su cuerpo sometido a la explosión de bombas y al zumbido de las balas, mientras se escondía en cuevas y debajo de los árboles en la selva, con poca o ninguna comida ni agua, con el olor y la vista de la muerte a su alrededor; la pérdida de sus padres y de todos sus hermanos salvo uno, su propia vida en riesgo.

No sorprende que al principio odiara a los estadounidenses, pero no por mucho tiempo. El odio desapareció pero ella no tenía ningún deseo de interactuar con ellos. Con el tiempo, especialmente cuando encontró un trabajo en una oficina gubernamental de la isla con supervisores estadounidenses, aprendió a sentirse cómoda con los estadounidenses.

Ella atribuyó la curación de todas estas heridas emocionales al amor total e incondicional de Juan y Ana Ada. Le dieron todo lo que pudieron, especialmente su fe en Dios. La Hermana dijo: "No sabemos las cosas que Dios ha planeado para nosotros, pero todas resultan para nuestro bien".

Sor Antonieta falleció en Saipán en 2016. Que descanse en paz.


JAPANESE VERSION
(translated by Sister Yasuko, MMB)

「シスター・アントニエタ・アダの物語」

執筆者 エリック・フォーブス神父による  202438

 

[シスター・アントニエタ・アダ]

 

彼女の名前はアダですが、チャモロ人の血を受け継いではいません。

日米の激戦地となったサイパンで、彼女は孤児になりました。1994年、彼女の10才のときでした。彼女は戦後、新しい名前と新しいアイデンティティのもとで、チャモロ人として育ち、メルセス会修道院のシスターになるのですが、やがてときを経て、彼女は日本人としてのルーツを取り戻していくことになります。

 

彼女の本名は西川きみ子。日本の信託統治領であった時代のサイパンで1934424日に日本人夫婦の娘として生まれました。日本の信託統治領に移住してきた多くの日本人と同様に、きみ子の両親もサイパンに移住してきた家族でした。きみ子は6番目の子どもでした。お父さんの“つね太郎”さんは、帝国日本軍の予備役将校でありましたが、サイパンでの戦争が始まる前には、タピオカのビジネスに従事していました。

しかし、1994年の日本軍と米軍の戦火は、彼女の両親と兄弟の生命を奪ってしまいます。

残されたのは、きみ子と長男の太一さんだけになったのです。

 

米軍の海兵隊士官であったジェームズ・アルバート・グラニエル中尉は、サイパン東部の“死の谷”地域(パパンゴと呼ばれる地域)で、一人逃げ惑っていたきみ子を発見します。“死の谷”とは、多くの日本人と日本兵が追い込まれて、無数の死者を出した地域で、米軍が“死の谷”と名付けた名前でした。そこで、きみ子の母も、米軍の砲弾に打たれて傷を負い倒れてしまったのですが、きみ子は、母は死んでしまったと思ってパニックになり、戦火の中を一人で逃げていたのです。 

でも、きみ子の母は重傷を負いつつも、死んではいなかったのです。

[海兵隊士官 ジェームズ・アルバート・グラニエルさん]

 

日本軍は敗れ、きみ子たちは、ススペにある米軍キャンプに連れていかれました。そこできみ子は、重傷を負っていた母と再会しますが、母はまもなく息を引き取ります。

きみ子の兄弟(太一さん以外)と父がどこで、どのように死んだかはわかっていません。おそらく戦火の中で死んで行ったと思われます。


[米軍兵士と日本人の子ども ススペのキャンプにて]

 

きみ子を発見して、キャンプに連れて行ったグラニエル中尉は、カトリック信者でした。スペイン人のホセ・タルディオ神父と親しくなり、仲間の米軍兵士から金を集めては、破壊されたガラパン教会の再建のために寄付を行なった人でもありました。

 

 グラニエル中尉は、孤児となったきみ子のその後について心配し、タルディオ神父に相談をします。タルディオ神父は、きみ子はチャモロ人の家族によって世話をされることになるだろうと答えます。タルディオ神父は、きみ子に洗礼を授け、グラニエル中尉も同席し、きみ子にアントニエタという礼名を授けました。その洗礼名は、グラニエル中尉の母の名前をとったものでした。

その時期、サイパンはすでに米軍の手に落ちていましたが、対岸のティニアン島では、まだ戦火がつづいており、グラニエル中尉はティニアン島に派兵され、数日後に戦死してしまいます。

 

 [アダさん家族]

 

きみ子を引き取ったホアン・マルティネス・アダさんは、かねてからサイパンで著明な人物でした。彼はグアムで生まれた後に、両親と共にサイパンに移住し、サイパンがスペインとドイツの統治下にあった時代に育ち、チャモロ語、英語、スペイン語とドイツ語に精通していました。そして日本の信託統治時代には、日本語をも習得していました。

 

アダさんは、日本の信託統治時代に、きみ子の父、西川つねたろうさんの友人でもあった人でした。アダさんは、若いときに自分の2人の子どもをなくしていたので、きみ子が2才から3才のときに、きみ子を自分の家に連れてきは、大変可愛がっていました。

きみ子の父も、きみ子がアダさんといっしょに過すのを許していました。

こうしたことから、後にきみ子は、自分の両親が誰であったか、日本人であったのか、チャモロ人であるのかを思い出せないほど、アダさんに近かった幼い日々を過していたのでした。

日本人の男性が、ときどき訪ねてきては、お菓子を彼女にくれたという思い出があるだけで、その日本人が誰であるのかという記憶は残ってはいませんでした。

 

学校に行く年齢になってきみ子は、チャモロ人の子どもたちが行く学校ではなく、日本人の子どもが通う学校に行かされるようになったことから、自分が日本人の両親の子どもであったことを知ることになります。学期中は日本人の両親と共に暮らし、休暇にはアダさん家族とともに過しました。「学校では日本人」と言われて過し、「学校以外ではチャモロ人」として過していたのです。

日本人学校のクラスメートたちからは、日本人以下として扱われ、「島民」と呼ばれて蔑まれていました。日本人たちは、チャモロ人のことを「島民」と言って見下していたからです。日本人はチャモロ人、キャロリニアン、トラック人、パラオ人たちを、「島民」として蔑んで呼んでいました。

こうしたことから日本人学校は、きみ子にとって居心地の良い場所ではありませんでした。

 

米軍によるサイパン占領後、アダさんは、ススペにある被災者キャンプで、死ぬ間際のきみ子の母に出会います。きみ子の母はアダさんに、「きみ子はまだジャングルの中にいるから探し出して、アダさんの娘にしてください」と頼んだのです。

 きみ子を引き取ることを約束したアダさんでしたが、日本統治下の法律では、日本人の女性を養子にすることは許されていましたが、日本人の男性を養子にすることは禁じられていたため、アダさんはきみ子の兄を引き取ることはできませんでした。

きみ子の兄は、他の多くの日本人の男の子と同じように、戦災孤児として日本に送られていったのでした。

 

きみ子は、アントニエタとして、アダさんとその妻アナ・クリゾストモ・セペダさんの養女となり、アダさんの名前を頂いて、アントニエタ・アダとなりました。

戦後、アダさんは信頼されるチャモロ人の指導者として頭角を現わし、米国統治下のサイパンでの行政長官となっていきました。

 

アントニエタは、最初はチャモロ語しかしゃべれませんでしたが、後に英語を学び、次第に、彼女のなかで日本人としてのアイデンティティは、希薄なものになっていきました。

 

[タイ神父とアントニエタ サイパンでの戦争直後]

 

米国人のタイ神父は、きみ子を知っていたもう一人の神父で、米軍のチャプレンでした。メルセス会を米国での宣教への道筋を開いた人でもありました。メルセス会は、1928年にサイパンに来たスペイン人の宣教女によって設立された修道会でした。

彼は、きみ子をカトリック教会とベリス・メルセス宣教修道女会のシスターたちに出会わせることになります。

 

 [アントニエタはメルセス会修道院のシスターになる]

 

1963年にアントニエタはメルセス会修道院に入会します。

10代の頃から、アントニエタは、シスターたちの生き方に惹きつけられ、修道院に入りたいと願うようになりました。でも養母のアナさんは、それに反対し、「私が死ぬまで待って」と言っていたのです。

年老いた両親の面倒を見ること、特に母親の日々の面倒を見ることは、息子ではなく、娘であるという風習があったからです。

でも、時が流れ、アントニエタが29才になったとき、ついにアナさんは許可を与えます。シスターになる前に、アントニエタは社会経験として、どこかの役所で秘書として働く経験もしました。その間、勉強もし、旅行もしました。グアムに行ったときには、グアムに戻ってビジネスの仕事をしていたアダさんの兄弟や、高位聖職者となっていたホセ・アダ・レオンゲレロ神父(アダさんの妹の息子)とも出会いました。

 

メルセス会のシスターとして受け入れられたアントニエタは、やがてミズリー州にあるカンサス・シティのメルセス会修道院に派遣され、そこで勉学をすることになりました。 

サイパンに戻ってからは、サイパンのコムニティーへの恩返しとして学校で教え、さらにパラオやフィリピンでも働きました。

 

アントニエタは、しばしば神の前で問いかけたのです。「生き残った西川家の子どもの中で、主よ、なぜ私を選ばれ、この道に導かれたのですか」。

 

修道院に入る前に、日本に行く船でサイパンの人々とともに、日本を訪問する機会もあったアントニエタでしたので、日本を訪れたときに、戦後始めて日本人の兄に出会いました。兄は英語を話せず、アントニエタは日本語を忘れていました。

 

日本人としてのルーツを取り戻して・・・

1977年になって、アントニエタは日本のメルセス会修道院に、日本語の学び直しと、宣教活動のために派遣されます。最初の2年間に日本語の勉強をし、その後に宣教活動を始めました。この期間にアントニエタは、年に一度は兄を訪問し、兄も彼女を訪問する機会をもったのでした。

 

しかし、彼女の人生において、サイパンというルーツは、やはり最も深いものでありました。1988年に、彼女は故郷のサイパンに戻ったのです。そしてサイパンのチャランカノアのモン・カルメル高校と、ススペのマリアナ高校で日本語を教え始めます。

 

トラウマからの癒し

シスターアントニエタの抱いていたトラウマを言葉で表現するのは、とても困難です。子ども時代に、日本人として、チャモロ人として経験した複雑な二つの世界。戦火の下での爆弾の破裂や、銃弾の音、水も食べ物もなく、ジャングルの洞穴や樹の下に隠れて過したこと。延々と横たわる死体をこの目で見、その死臭を嗅いだこと。

両親の死と兄弟との生き別れ、自らの生命を失う危険の中での逃避行の記憶などなど。

 

米軍との戦いの体験から当初、彼女が米国人に対して嫌悪を抱いていたのは当然でもありました。それはすこしずつ変化して行くものの、米国人と交流することへの抵抗は残っていました。しかし入会前に、政府のオフィスで米国人の監督者たちと共に働いた経験から、その気持ちは変わっていったのでした。

 

彼女が、過去の辛い経験の感情的な傷から癒されていったのは、彼女を養女としたアダさん夫妻の、彼女への、全面的、無条件の愛のおかげでありました。2人は彼女に、できる限りのこと、特に神への信仰を与えてくださったのです。

「神による私たちへの計らいを知ることはできません。でも、その全てが良い結果をもたらしてくださったのです」と彼女は語っています。

 

シスター・アントニエタ・アダは、2016年に915日に、サイパンで平和のうちに生涯を終え、帰天していかれました。

            

[マトゥラナ・ヒルにあるシスター・アントニエタ・アダの墓石]

 

 

注:

◆筆者は、グアムやサイパンの当時の歴史を記す著述家でもあるエリック・フォーブス神父、グアム在住のカプチン会の神父です。

◆写真はサイパンのシスター・メリアン・ハートマンを通して提供されました。

◆なお、サイパンの歴史状況という背後をわかりやすくするために、文章に手を加えさせていただいた部分があります。また、筆者のエリック・フォーブス神父や、メリアン・ハートマンとメールを交わして、文章や写真の意味を確認しながら訳しました。

訳者 清水靖子

 

Wednesday, February 28, 2024

GINEN CHÅLAN I PATGON

 

Some of our mañaina (elders) in the past believed that an infant or child could get sick if an adult was so attracted to the child and had the urge to touch or hold the child (magoddai) but didn't carry through with it.

When an adult, or even someone in their teens, liked a baby so much that he or she wanted to touch the baby, he or she should do so, and be allowed to do so, otherwise the baby might get sick.

Parents and others would suspect this was the case when a child suddenly became sick for no apparent reason or couldn't sleep, and cried instead of sleep.

One older lady explained it to me, "Ma espia eyi i uttimo na taotao ali'e'-ña para u ma na' seguro na ha pacha pat ha de'on, sa' magoddai lao ti ma nå'e chånsa, ti ha de'on, ti ha pacha. Ma fa'nana'an lokkue' ginen chålan i patgon, ya nesesita na u ma espia håye uttimo mumagoddai nu i nene, nu i patgon ya u ma nå'e chånsa para u pacha, u kariño."

"They look for the last person the child met to make sure he or she touched or pinched the child, because he or she had the urge to, but wasn't given the chance to pinch or touch the child. It's also called "the child came from the street," and it's necessary to look for the last person who got the urge to touch the child to give him or her the chance to touch or be affectionate with the child."

Tuesday, February 13, 2024

HINENGGEN I MAN ÅMKO'

 

MUNGNGA MA FANU'E YANGGEN UNO HA'

Don't show it if there's only one of it.


Why? 

Because you're supposed to share.

So don't even SHOW it exists if there's not enough to share with whoever's in front of you, whether it be just one other person or ten or more.

HIDE it till everyone goes away and you can enjoy your one donut, one empanåda, one whatever.

If you're really starving and can't stand to wait till everyone's gone, take it to the rest room, close the door and munch away.

Tuesday, February 6, 2024

THE DANGERS OF THE PÅPA' SÅTGE

 

The PÅPA' SÅTGE is the open area under a raised house.

The phrase literally means "UNDER THE FLOOR." Many houses in the Marianas were raised on HALIGI (posts or stilts).

The idea was to let the air circulate around the house and keep it cool. Raising the house kept out flood waters and unwanted animals. The space underneath could be used for storage.

But the påpa' såtge did pose some problems.

For one, somebody could hide themselves in the påpa' såtge. This became a worse problem when the person could find a crack in the floor above, allowing him to peek and invade the family's privacy.

This is what happened one day in 1926 when Alfonso crept under the house of Lorenzo Aguero Sablan. More concerning was that Lorenzo had a teenage daughter living in the house, whose floor had cracks that could be peeked through.

As there were witnesses, and since Alfonso had been found guilty of similar offenses before, he thought it best to plead guilty when he was arrested and suffer the penalty.

Wednesday, January 31, 2024

FAMILY NICKNAMES : CAMEL

 


The Chamorro penchant for giving people nicknames, and it sticking to his or her children and descendants, continues to this day. In olden days, nicknames came from the Chamorro or Spanish languages, but now even English can be used to give new nicknames.

Take for example the familian Camel.

Having been a priest in Malesso' in the 1990s, I remember a family there better-known-as familian Camel, and particularly the name "Ben Camel."

Some people thought they were named after the cigarette brand Camel. One person said that a family member was known for not drinking a lot, as he was never thirsty, like a camel. Close, but not quite.

I went to a son of the deceased Ben Camel to find out the story.

Vicente Reyes Cruz from Malesso', who was very close to the Church, took members of his family on a hike one day.

Naturally some started to get thirsty and they asked Vicente if they could drink from the canteen.

Vicente told them, "Nangga nåya," "Wait a while," probably to preserve as much drinking water as possible on the hike so they wouldn't run out.

So the thirsty ones retorted, "Dalai hao, kalan hao i camel," "My goodness, you're like a camel," because camels are well-known for being able to journey through arid deserts for days on end without the need to drink water, since they are able to store water in their bodies.

So, Vicente got identified with the nickname Camel and it was passed down to the next generation in his family.






This shows us a few things about Chamorro mentality.

First, we will notice something about you. Whether it be something about your body, appearance, mannerism, behavior or speech. Or something you did or that happened to you. You fell down. You hid under a table.

Second, that one little piece of your life we will make your entire identity. That's your nickname and claim to fame for the rest of your life. And it will probably be inherited by your children.

Rest in peace, Ben Camel. U såga gi minahgong.





Monday, January 22, 2024

FAMILIA : SIGUENZA

 

LORENZO ("LARRY") TAITINGFONG SIGUENZA
with wife the former Rita Sablan Borja and children Rita and Otto
(courtesy of RoseMarie Siguenza)


The Siguenza family in the Marianas does not go a very long time ago. Of course, for you and me the year 1786 is a long time ago, but when other families appear earlier than that, in the 1727 and 1758 Censuses, while the Siguenzas do not, then the Siguenzas do arrive a bit later than many other families.

There was a soldier named Ignacio Siguenza on a list of soldiers serving the Spanish Government on Guam in 1786. He's one of the earliest Siguenzas documented in the Marianas. I cannot be sure if he has anything to do with the Siguenzas who came later, but there's more of a chance that he does than he does not. Who he was, where he was born and so on are questions I cannot answer for the moment. Was he Spanish, or Mexican, or Filipino, or a mixture or something else, we do not know for now.

Forty-three years later, there is another soldier named José Siguenza, who was the company drummer. For all we know, José could be Ignacio's son. Nine years later, there's a Miguel Siguenza listed as a soldier. José's brother? We cannot say anything more than that, since the documents just state first and last names and do not give us any more clues.

And we know from later records that there were a number of women named Siguenza who married, so the Siguenza name eventually got lost in the next generation.

But there were two men named Siguenza who became the patriarchs of all the Siguenzas who came later, many of them are people we know today.


LUÍS SIGUENZA

Born around 1829, Luís Siguenza married Agustina León Guerrero Pangelinan.

According to the 1897 Census, there seems to have been two sons both named José.

An older JOSÉ was married to María Quichocho Taisipic.

A second JOSÉ was married twice; the first time to Ana Tenorio Taitingfong, the daughter of José and Joaquina, and then to Maria Sablan Camacho, the daughter of Roque and Ana. One of José and Ana's sons, Felipe, was better-known as Felipe'n Bombo.

There was also a daughter named ENCARNACIÓN whom I mention because she married Pedro Royos Quichocho and many Quichochos are descended from her. One branch of these Quichochos moved to Luta (Rota).


VICENTE SIGUENZA


There was also a Vicente Siguenza from the early 1800s, whose relation to Luís Siguenza is unknown for the moment.

Vicente married Manuela Borja de los Santos.

They had the following sons :

JOAQUÍN, who first married Joaquina Pérez Cruz, the daughter of Pedro Reyes Cruz and María Cruz Pérez, then Emeteria de León Taitingfong, the daughter of Lorenzo Taitingfong and Juana de León.

From Joaquín's line come descendants like LORENZO TAITINGFONG SIGUENZA, who married Rita Sablan Borja; JOAQUÍN TAITINGFONG SIGUENZA, who married Ana Quitugua Borja and ANA TAITINGFONG SIGUENZA who, with Sharrock Brower Hannah, had a number of children.

Vicente and Manuela had at least two daughters. One was FILOMENA who married Vicente Tainatongo Castro.

The other daughter of Vicente and Manuela concerns us more because she had a number of children out of wedlock who carried the surname Siguenza, since their fathers were not known, or at least not official.

Her name was DOLORES

Allegedly with Joaquín Cruz Pérez, she had these two sons :

JESUS, who married Carmen Santos Mendiola, the daughter of Ignacio Reyes Mendiola and his wife María Fausto Santos.

And VICENTE, who married Dolores Manibusan Cruz, the daughter of Juan Ignacio Cruz and María de la Rosa Manibusan.

From another, unknown, father, Dolores had a son named JOSÉ, who married Consolación Cruz, the daughter of Juliana Cruz who was at some point married to Antonio Fejeran Mendiola.

So there are a number of people with the surname Siguenza who are all descended from Dolores Santos Siguenza who had at least three sons with "unknown" fathers.



WELL-KNOWN SIGUENZAS

Although not as numerous as many other families on Guam, the Siguenzas have produced a number of people very well-known on the island down through the years. Some of them were :


LARRY SIGUENZA


Lorenzo Taitingfong Siguenza, better known as Larry, was one of the earliest Siguenzas who became active in the island community. He was the son of Joaquín Santos Siguenza and his wife Emeteria de León Taitingfong, and so he comes from Vicente's line of Siguenzas.

His mainstay was the US Department of Agriculture before the war, working for them as an agricultural extension agent, whose job it was to promote island agriculture, especially among the youth through Boys' and Girls' Agricultural Clubs.




But that was just the beginning. Larry was involved in many civic activities before and after the war. Besides working for the Government of Guam, in various capacities such as the Department of Agriculture as Deputy Director and as the Parks chief for the Department of Land Management, Larry was involved in the Liberation Day Queen contest, the Lions Club, the Young Men's League of Guam, the Guam Civic Improvement League and the Knights of Columbus, a Catholic men's organization. He was a Boy Scout master since before the war. Larry was also involved in sports, particularly being a boxing referee and judge. He passed away in 1983.


PETE SIGUENZA



Peter Charles Siguenza, born in 1920, was the son of José Siguenza and Consolación Cruz, and thus the grandchild of Dolores Santos Siguenza, the daughter of Vicente Siguenza and Manuela Borja Santos.

Pete was fortunate enough to go to Coronado High School in Coronado, California near San Diego before the war. He was still in California when World War II broke out in 1941. He enlisted in the US Marine Corps. But his potential was noticed by his superiors and he was sent to officer's school and became the first Chamorro officer in the Marine Corps. He saw action in several famous battles in the Pacific arena.



PETE SIGUENZA (R) AND BEN BLAZ (L)
Two pioneer Chamorro Marines


He graduated from Saint Mary's College in Moraga, California and later obtained a Master's degree from the University of Southern California. He married the former Barbara Bordallo, daughter of BJ Bordallo and his wife Josefina Pangelinan Bordallo. Back on Guam, Pete Siguenza worked in various positions in the Government of Guam and for J&G Enterprises. He was also active in many civic groups and activities. He passed away in 2007.


JUDGE PETE SIGUENZA, JR



The son of Peter Charles Siguenza and his wife Barbara Bordallo, and thus a descendant of Vicente Siguenza from the 1800s, Peter Siguenza, Jr rose through the legal profession to become a trial judge in the Superior Court of Guam and then Chief Justice of the Guam Supreme Court. He graduated from Father Dueñas Memorial School and did his college and law school studies in California. He passed away in 2020.



EDDIE SIGUENZA



If you attended almost any social event on Guam in the 1970s pretty much until before he died in 2009, you saw Eddie Siguenza, the brother of Peter Charles Siguenza. More importantly, he saw you because he was a photographer by profession, one of the island's leading photographers. Chances are he took your picture. He was everywhere, camera in hand. He was often hired by government officials and corporate bosses to photograph the island's biggest affairs.



SISTER CARMEN FRANCES SIGUENZA, SSND




And the last Siguenza I will mention is one who had an air of holiness about her. She was a Notre Dame Sister, Sister Carmen Frances Siguenza, the daughter of Jesús Siguenza, the son of Dolores Santos Siguenza, and his wife Carmen Mendiola. Sister was a school teacher, so she touched the lives of hundreds of children, from elementary grades up to junior high school. She even worked in Yap as a missionary.






She always had an aura about her that was warm and accepting. In her older years, she began to suffer bad health involving a lot of pain, and had to wear a neck brace. She was never down about it, and she never complained. She stayed the same. She was constantly praying for people. People brought her many intentions, and she listed them down to remember them when she prayed. She passed away in 2015.


SIGUENZA, SPAIN




Although we don't know where the first Siguenza on Guam came from, we do know that the name is Spanish and is the name of a city in northern Spain in the Province of Guadalajara.





SPANISH SPELLING



JOSÉ PANGELINAN SIGUENZA'S SIGNATURE
in 1902


If you notice the way the name SIGUENZA is spelled in the photo of the Spanish city, there are two dots above the U. 

The two dots are needed in Spanish to make the sound GWE in SIGWENZA. Without the two dots, the GUE would sound like GUERRERO - GERERO. No GWE.

Notice that the Chamorro man José Pangelinan Siguenza spells his last name the Spanish way, with the two dots above the U.

Tuesday, January 9, 2024

BEST CUSTOMERS

 

A family I was visiting told me a story that reminded me of something similar, dealing with the Niño (Infant Jesus) going around the village at Christmas time.

When they were teenagers, these siblings, who are now in the 70s and up, would be sent by the mother or grandmother with pans of empanåda (chicken pies) to sell to earn the family extra income.




They were told not to dare come home unless they had sold every single empanåda, but some days it was simply hard to. Knowing they would be scolded or spanked if they didn't sell everything, they wondered what to do.

They found the magic formula. They would look for a house where the family and maybe some friends were gathered in the carport or porch playing poker for money. A house playing poker was a sure way to sell every last empanåda.

This reminded me of what some people said who took the Niño house-to-house for veneration at Christmas time.

They said the houses that donated the most to the Niño were the houses where gambling was going on when the Niño arrived.

Many times those gamblers were not the most pious Catholics. Some hadn't even been to church in years. Perhaps in order to assuage their guilt, they'd drop a hundred-dollar bill into the donation box when the Niño came for them to kiss.

Oh the ways of human nature.






Thursday, January 4, 2024

TALES OF CLUB BAMBOO

 

Club Bamboo (also called the Bamboo Inn) was a restaurant bar on Marine (Corps) Drive in Hagåtña after the war up to the 1950s. It was owned by former statesider Adrian LaDeau, who went by the nickname Trader Ade. LaDeau came to Guam as a Seabee in 1944, fell in love with Adela San Nicolas, left the military, married her and stayed. 

LaDeau's wife's sister was married to local businessman Ambrosio Torres Shimizu of Ambros Enterprises. So Shimizu was also invested in the business. 

The Club was a popular place to eat, drink and dance, with live music. Besides being a meeting place for various civic groups, Club Bamboo was the scene of some colorful episodes in its short history.

Chamorro waitress JOSEFA M. was fined $100 in 1950 for serving a Marine an alcoholic beverage. The drink itself only cost 50 cents. The Club was designated a "civilian" club, so I am assuming military personnel were not allowed in.

Three Marines in 1950 got too tipsy at Club Bamboo and started causing a ruckus. Chamorro police man Ben Charfauros went to arrest the Marines, who gave him such a hard time that Charfauros lost his badge in the scuffle. "We got the Marines," he said, "but I lost my badge."

Merchant Marines, too, could get in trouble. In 1950, several Merchant Marines were arrested on various charges at Club Bamboo.

Even employees at Club Bamboo could get the business in trouble. One worker sold cases of beer to various merchants, not knowing that Club Bamboo had no license to sell wholesale. The government punished the club by closing its bar for one week, but the restaurant side of the business couldn't make money without the bar so even the restaurant closed for one week.

In 1953, somebody perhaps got lucky at Club Bamboo. A statesider returned home after a night at the Club and noticed he didn't have his wallet on him anymore. The wallet contained $1200, which in today's value is worth $13,800. Why was the man carrying the equivalent of half a year's salary around?

By 1955, there was hardly any news concerning Club Bamboo and by 1956 there was no sign of it in the news at all. LaDeau remained on Guam and went on to other things, including establishing a place called Pirate's Cove, which is still in existence but for the longest time now owned by Jeff Pleadwell.




Sunday, December 31, 2023

SAGRÅDA FAMILIA : TONÅDAN INALÅHAN

 


This is a Chamorro hymn to the Holy Family (Sagråda Familia), who are Jesus, Mary and Joseph.

This particular tune for it is sung in Inalåhan, and probably also Malojloj, but the words are the same as the version sung by the rest of the island.

In the past, when all transportation was either by animal-driven cart, boat or feet, villages were more isolated and local customs more easily developed, different from the next village. Often it was a new priest, musically-inclined, who might introduce a new melody for an old hymn. But others, musicians or organists or singers who learned it from elsewhere, could also have taught a new melody to their local choir. 

As far as the origin of this Inalåhan melody for this hymn sung to another melody in Hagåtña and elsewhere, I am not sure. Perhaps I can find out in the future.






LYRICS


Jesús, José an María; Jesús, José an María;
estague' i korason-ho yan i anti-ho.
(Jesus, Joseph and Mary; Jesus, Joseph and Mary;
here are my heart and my soul.)

Jesús, José an María; Jesús, José an María;
fa' maolek yo' an hokkok i ha'ani-ho.
(Jesus, Joseph and Mary; Jesus, Joseph and Mary;
assist me when my life is done.)

Jesús, José an María; Jesús, José an María;
na' måtai yo' pao såntos gi kannai-miyo; gi kannai-miyo.
(Jesus, Joseph and Mary; Jesus, Joseph and Mary;
make me die in the fragrance of holiness within your hands.)


A RELIGIOUS EXPLANATION

The last two verses speak about a good death, a holy death, because the Holy Family includes Saint Joseph, who died before Jesus began His public ministry and was still unknown to people. So, Saint Joseph died surrounded by Jesus and the Blessed Mother - a nice way to pass from this earthly life!

That is why Saint Joseph is the Patron of a Holy and Happy Death, and why the hymn speaks of this. On our death bed, we want the Holy Family surrounding us.



*** Thanks to Lawrence Borja for the audio clip

Friday, December 1, 2023

THE SINGET SEWING MACHINE

 


Many of you know that Chamorro does not like ending words with the letters R or L. Final R or L become a T when said in Chamorro.


SPANISH

CHAMORRO

ENGLISH

 

COLOR

 

 

KOLOT

 

color

 

ÁNGEL

 

ÅNGHET

 

angel

 

 

This advertisement in the Guam Daily News in 1959 shows how our elders pronounced SINGER as in SINGER SEWING MACHINE.

They said SINGHET or SINGET.




Notice that "sewing machine" is MÅKINAN MAN LAKSE." Man låkse' means "to sew" and måkina is machine.

"Limited quantity" is rendered "ti meggai tetehnan" or "not many left."

"Monthly payments" is "Siña un apåse pot mes," or "You can pay by month."

Our elders had no trouble paraphrasing the English in Chamorro, rather than invent new words that are stranger than the paraphrase.


SINCE SPANISH TIMES



Apparently, there were Singer sewing machines on Guam even in the late Spanish period.

A book published in Manila in 1895 claimed that there was a Singer Sewing Company outlet in the Marianas, probably meaning Guam.

The above citation reads, in English,

The Singer Company has more than 2000 houses established in the principle population centers of the world and the Philippines agency, besides the outlets in Manila, Iloilo, Cebu and Tacloban, has agents in the principle population centers in the Archipelago and also in both the Carolines and Marianas.